A systematic review of Intelligent Fault-Tolerant Protection Scheme for Multi-terminal HVDC Grids


 Due to the advancement of power electronics devices and control techniques, modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become most attractive for multiterminal direct current (MTDC) grids thanks its relevant features, such as modularity scalability. Despite their advantages, conventional MMCs face a major challenge with: i) fault-tolerant operation strategy; energy losses in conversion; iii) lack DC fault handling capability. This paper provides systematic review identify gaps literature about Intelligent Fault-Tolerant Protection Schemes multi-terminal HVDC grids. Through bibliometric analysis, it was possible topics still be developed within four main clusters (Offshore wind farms, Wind turbines, Voltage Source Converters, power). The research topic opens three paths: first is analysis failures (High Direct Current) grid equipment by FDD (Fault Detection Diagnosis) method; second failure IFDD (Inverse Fault method third possibility interconnecting different generation zones with frequencies.